Exploring the Field of Environmental Neuroscience and Its Findings on the Impact of Nature on Our Mental Wellbeing and Cognitive Function
In a world filled with constant stimuli and high-stress environments, many individuals find solace and a sense of calm in the great outdoors. The healing power of nature has long been recognized, but a new field of study called environmental neuroscience is delving deeper into why and how our brains are profoundly affected by being in nature. From reducing stress and improving mood to enhancing cognitive function and creativity, the evidence is mounting that nature exposure has a profound impact on our mental wellbeing. This article explores the findings of environmental neuroscience and sheds light on the intricate relationship between nature and the human brain.
The Brain Boost of Nature
Numerous studies have shown that exposure to green and blue environments, such as vegetation and moving water, is associated with a reduction in stress, improved mood, and decreased anxiety. However, recent research suggests that nature exposure also benefits cognitive function. For example, a study found that just 40 seconds of looking at a green roof led to fewer mistakes in a test compared to looking at a concrete roof. Another study conducted by Dr. Marc Berman at the University of Chicago revealed that a 50-minute walk in nature improved performance in a cognitive test by 20% compared to walking in an urban environment.
The Biophilia Hypothesis
The biophilia hypothesis, popularized by sociobiologist EO Wilson, suggests that humans function better in natural environments because our brains and bodies evolved in and with nature. As hunter-gatherers, those who were most attuned to the natural environment were more likely to survive. However, the highly stressful and demanding modern world we live in today is not suited to our hunter-gatherer brain. Exposure to nature activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which induces feelings of calm and wellbeing, allowing us to think more clearly and positively.
Attention Restoration Theory
Attention restoration theory (ART) posits that our capacity for directed attention, the ability to sustain focus on a specific mental task, is a finite resource. Multitasking and high-stimulation modern environments deplete this resource, leading to decreased concentration, increased mistakes, and difficulty problem-solving. Nature, on the other hand, engages the brain in an effortless and undemanding way, allowing areas responsible for directed attention to rest and recover. This theory explains why nature exposure can restore cognitive function and enhance creativity.
Neuroimaging and Brain Changes
Advancements in neuroimaging tools, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), have allowed researchers to observe real-time changes in the brain during nature exposure. fMRI studies have shown a decrease in activity in the prefrontal cortex, an important brain structure for executive function, during nature exposure, indicating that this part of the brain is “off duty” at the time. Comparatively, urban scenes require more effort to process, leading to increased brain activity. fNIRS, a new tool, enables researchers to study brain activity while individuals walk through different environments, providing insights into how the brain responds to nature.
What Makes a Natural Environment Restorative?
Researchers are investigating the specific features of natural environments that render them most restorative. Studies suggest that “higher-quality” environments with a diversity and abundance of bird and tree species yield better mood and less anxiety. Perceptual features within the environment, such as fractals (repeated patterns at different scales) and curved lines, also play a role in eliciting soft fascination and restoring directed attention. Urban environments, with their hard edges, straight lines, and high levels of stimulation, can be taxing on the brain compared to the soothing stimuli of nature.
Conclusion:
The emerging field of environmental neuroscience is shedding light on the profound impact of nature on our brains. From reducing stress and improving mood to enhancing cognitive function and creativity, exposure to nature has a multitude of benefits. As our society becomes increasingly urbanized, it is crucial to recognize the necessity of spending time in natural environments for our overall mental wellbeing. By incorporating natural elements into our built environments and prioritizing access to nature, we can create a healthier and more balanced world for ourselves and future generations.
Leave a Reply